Prevention and treatment of high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)

High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening form of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, that develops within the first 2–5 days in rapidly ascending individuals at altitudes above 2,500-3,000 m. The clinical features are cyanosis, tachypnoea,tachycardia and elevated body temperature generally not exceeding 38.5 °C. It is often severe and potentially fatal manifestation of acute mountain sickness (AMS).The aim of this study was to assess the methods of prevention and treatment of high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). Our study material consisted of publications, which were found in PubMed, ResearchGate and Google Scholar databases. The first step was to find proper publications from the last 30 years .The second step was to carry out an overview of the found publications.Gradual ascent and staged ascent are the most effective methods of prevention of HAPE Pharmacologic prophylaxis with nifedipine should only be considered for individuals with a history of HAPE.  Before initiating treatment of HAPE differential diagnosis should be done. Descent shoud be initaited and oxygen therapy shoud be started when HAPE is suspected or diagnosed. If these methods are unavailable, nifedipine or Gamow bag can be used

Prevention and treatment of high altitude cerebral edema (HACE)

High altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is often a severe and potentially fatal manifestation of acute mountain sickness (AMS). It usually develops within the first 2 in individuals rapidly ascending at altitudes above 4000 m. The main cause of HACE is hypoxia, because of reduced oxygen level at high altitude.The aim of this study was to to assess the methods of prevention and treatment of high altitude cerebral edema (HACE).  Our study material consisted of publications, which were found in PubMed, ResearchGate and Google Scholar databases. The first step was to find proper publications from the last 30 years. The second step was to carry out an overview of the found publications.Methods of prevention of acute mountain sickness are highly effective in high altitude cerebral edema prevention. Many studies estabilished the role of gradual ascent and staged ascent as well as administration of acetazolamide and dexamethasone in AMS prevention, and therefore in HACE prevention. Methods of treatments of acute mountain sickness are highly effective in high altitude cerebral edema treatment. Several researches proved the role of descent, administration of acetazolamide and dexamethasone, oxygen therapy as well as use of portable hyperbaric chamber in AMS treatment, and therefore in HACE treatment. However HACE treatment requires greater descent and larger doses of dexamethasone. Also duration of recovery is longer

Treatment of traveler's diarrhea - clinical review

Travelers’ diarrhea is defined as the passage of three or more unformed stools per 24 hours plus at least one additional symptom such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever, blood/mucus in the stools, or fecal urgency that develop while abroad or within 14 days of returning from any resource-limited destinations.The aim of this study was to show the methods of treatment of traveler's diarrhea. Our study material consisted of publications, which were found in PubMed, ResearchGate and Google Scholar databases. In order to find the proper publications, the search has been conducted with the use of a combination of key words like: '' traveler's diarrhea,'', ''travel'', ''diarrhea'', ''antibiotic". The first step was to find proper publications from the last 30 years .The second step was to carry out an overview of the found publications.Major goals of treatment of the traveler's diarrhea are: to maintain optimal hydration level, to reduce the severity and duration of diarrhea and to eradicate pathogenic agents responsible for causing this disease. The choice of the best possible method of tretament of traveler's diarrhea depends on the patient's general condition, his medical history, severity and duration of diarrhea and the pathogenic agent that causes this disease

Automation of spatial objects modeling in 3D using API of selected modeling software

Considering the drudgery related to manual creation of virtual worlds, the opportunity of producing them automatically is too alluring to be dismissed. This bachelor thesis introduces a solution that automates the generation of building's 3D model. The methodological foundation is based on declarative modeling approach and inspired by procedural modeling techniques. Presented work defines the set of rules and parameters. By these means, a faster and more intuitive way to design buildings' models, while preserving the flexibility and control of the user over the construction process, is proposed. The solution is implemented as an add-on for Blender entitled "Buildings generator". The Python scripting, which the add-on is based on, uses the API of open-source software Blender and is available under GNU GPL licence. Keywords: Procedural modeling, Blender, 3D buildings, modeling automation, CityEngineVzhledem k námaze, kterou vyžaduje manuální tvorba virtuálních světů, je příležitost vytvářet virtuální světy automaticky příliš lákavá na to, aby byla nevyužita. Tato bakalářská práce představuje řešení, které automatizuje generování 3D modelů budov. Metodický základ je postaven na deklarativním přístupu k modelování a inspirován procedurálními modelovacími technikami. Prezentovaná práce stanovuje sadu pravidel a parametrů, pomocí kterých je navržen rychlejší a intuitivnější způsob navrhování modelů budov, zatímco je zachována flexibilita a kontrola, kterou uživatel má nad procesem generování. Řešení je implementováno jako doplněk pro Blender s názvem "Generátor budov". Doplněk je psaný v programovacím jazyce Python, který používá rozhraní API open source softwaru Blender a je k dispozici pod všeobecnou veřejnou licencí GNU. Klíčová slova: Procedurální modelování, Blender, 3D budovy, automatizace modelování, CityEngineDepartment of Applied Geoinformatics and CartographyKatedra aplikované geoinformatiky a kartografieFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Simplification of rivers based on the spatial reduction method

This master thesis is focused on cartography generalization of a rivers using collapse and partial collapse method with the usage of straight skeleton data structure. The proposed method was designed for large scale maps in geographical view and for medium scale maps in cartographic view (till 1 : 100 000). The thesis is focusing on width of a river as stand alone criteria for generalization decision. The presented solution represents set of a criteria which decides on generalization of a river. The presented thesis also solves problematic situations that exist on a river such as islands, junctions, shoulders or bifurcation. The thesis also includes proposed generalization algorithm which is using straight skeleton data structure. The algorithm is implemented in C++ programming language in Microsoft Visual Studio IDE. The algorithm uses external libraries Qt and CGAL (Computational Geometry Algorithms Library) for functioning. Algorithm results are saved in ESRI geodatabase with the usage of Python 2.7 programming language and external library ArcPy. Water areas from ZABAGED were chosen as appropriate data for testing. Achieved results of generalization are presented on test data for various scales and they are compared with base maps of Czech Republic. Keywords: digital cartography, cartography...Tato diplomová práce se zabývá generalizací vodních toků metodou úplné a částečné prostorové redukce s využitím datové struktury straight skeleton. Navržená metoda je koncipována pro mapy z pohledu geografie velkých, a pohledu kartografie středních měřítek (do 1 : 100 000). Je zde řešen problém šířky vodního toku jako samostatného kritéria pro rozhodování o generalizaci. Prezentované řešení představuje sadu doplňkových kritérií, která rozhodují o generalizaci vodního toku. V práci jsou řešeny také problematické situace vyskytující se na vodním toku, jako jsou ostrovy, rozdvojení, ramena či soutoky. Součástí práce je navržený generalizační algoritmus, který je vícefázový a využívá datovou strukturu straight skeleton. Algoritmus je implementován v programovacím jazyce C++ ve vývojovém prostředí Microsoft Visual Studio. Ke svému fungování využívá algoritmus externí knihovny Qt a CGAL (Computational Geometry Algorithms Library). Výsledky algoritmu jsou ukládány do ESRI geodatabáze s využitím programovacího jazyku Python 2.7 a externí knihovny ArcPy. Za vhodná testovací data byla zvolena data vodních ploch ze ZABAGED. Dosažené výsledky generalizace jsou prezentovány na testovacích datech pro různá měřítka a jsou porovnávány se Základními mapami České republiky. Klíčová slova: digitální kartografie,...Katedra aplikované geoinformatiky a kartografieDepartment of Applied Geoinformatics and CartographyFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Cosmic-ray driven dynamo in the medium of irregular galaxy

We investigate the cosmic ray driven dynamo in the interstellar medium of irregular galaxy. The observations (Chyzy et al. 2000, 2003) show that the magnetic field in irregular galaxies is present and its value reaches the same level as in spiral galaxies. However the conditions in the medium of irregular galaxy are very unfavorable for amplification the magnetic field due to slow rotation and low shearing rate. In this work we present numerical model of the interstellar medium in irregular galaxies. The model includes magnetohydrodynamical dynamo driven by cosmic rays in the interstellar medium provided by random supernova explosions. We describe models characterized by different shear and rotation. We find that even slow galactic rotation with low shearing rate gives amplification of the magnetic field. Simulations have shown that high amount of the magnetic energy flow out off the simulation region becoming an efficient source of intergalactic magnetic fields.Comment: 2 pages, 2 figures, To be published in "Cosmic Magnetic Fields: From Planets, to Stars and Galaxies", K.G. Strassmeier, A.G. Kosovichev & J.E. Beckman, eds., Proc. IAU Symp. 259, CU

3D model of magnetic fields evolution in dwarf irregular galaxies

Radio observations show that magnetic fields are present in dwarf irregular galaxies (dIrr) and its strength is comparable to that found in spiral galaxies. Slow rotation, weak shear and shallow gravitational potential are the main features of a typical dIrr galaxy. These conditions of the interstellar medium in a dIrr galaxy seem to unfavourable for amplification of the magnetic field through the dynamo process. Cosmic-ray driven dynamo is one of the galactic dynamo model, which has been successfully tested in case of the spiral galaxies. We investigate this dynamo model in the ISM of a dIrr galaxy. We study its efficiency under the influence of slow rotation, weak shear and shallow gravitational potential. Additionally, the exploding supernovae are parametrised by the frequency of star formation and its modulation, to reproduce bursts and quiescent phases. We found that even slow galactic rotation with a low shearing rate amplifies the magnetic field, and that rapid rotation with a low value of the shear enhances the efficiency of the dynamo. Our simulations have shown that a high amount of magnetic energy leaves the simulation box becoming an efficient source of intergalactic magnetic fields.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Proceedings of IAU Symp. 274, Advances in Plasma Astrophysics, ed. A. Bonanno, E. de Gouveia dal Pino and A. Kosoviche

Global galactic dynamo driven by cosmic-rays and exploding magnetized stars

We report first results of first global galactic-scale CR-MHD simulations of cosmic-ray-driven dynamo. We investigate the dynamics of magnetized interstellar medium (ISM), which is dynamically coupled with the cosmic-ray (CR) gas. We assume that exploding stars deposit small-scale, randomly oriented, dipolar magnetic fields into the differentially rotating ISM, together with a portion of cosmic rays, accelerated in supernova shocks. We conduct numerical simulations with the aid of a new parallel MHD code PIERNIK. We find that the initial magnetization of galactic disks by exploding magnetized stars forms a favourable conditions for the cosmic-ray-driven dynamo. We demonstrate that dipolar magnetic fields supplied on small SN-remnant scales, can be amplified exponentially, by the CR-driven dynamo, to the present equipartition values, and transformed simultaneously to large galactic-scales. The resulting magnetic field structure in an evolved galaxy appears spiral in the face-on view and reveals the so called X-shaped structure in the edge-on view.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure

Cosmic ray driven dynamo in barred and ringed galaxies

We study the global evolution of the magnetic field and interstellar medium (ISM) of the barred and ringed galaxies in the presence of non-axisymmetric components of the potential, i.e. the bar and/or the oval perturbations. The magnetohydrodynamical dynamo is driven by cosmic rays (CR), which are continuously supplied to the disk by supernova (SN) remnants. Additionally, weak, dipolar and randomly oriented magnetic field is injected to the galactic disk during SN explosions. To compare our results directly with the observed properties of galaxies we construct realistic maps of high-frequency polarized radio emission. The main result is that CR driven dynamo can amplify weak magnetic fields up to few $\mu$G within few Gyr in barred and ringed galaxies. What is more, the modelled magnetic field configuration resembles maps of the polarized intensity observed in barred and ringed galaxies

Effect of heme oxygenase-1 on melanoma development in mice : role of tumor-infiltrating immune cells

Objective: Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a cytoprotective, proangiogenic and anti-inflammatory enzyme that is often upregulated in tumors. Overexpression of HO-1 in melanoma cells leads to enhanced tumor growth, augmented angiogenesis and resistance to anticancer treatment. The effect of HO-1 in host cells on tumor development is, however, hardly known. Methods and results: To clarify the effect of HO-1 expression in host cells on melanoma progression, C57BL/6xFvB mice of different HO-1 genotypes, HO-1+/+, HO-1+/−, and HO-1−/−, were injected with the syngeneic wild-type murine melanoma B16(F10) cell line. Lack of HO-1 in host cells did not significantly influence the host survival. Nevertheless, in comparison to the wild-type counterparts, the HO-1+/− and HO-1−/− males formed bigger tumors, and more numerous lung nodules; in addition, more of them had liver and spleen micrometastases. Females of all genotypes developed at least 10 times smaller tumors than males. Of importance, the growth of primary and secondary tumors was completely blocked in HO-1+/+ females. This was related to the increased infiltration of leukocytes (mainly lymphocytes T) in primary tumors. Conclusions: Although HO-1 overexpression in melanoma cells can enhance tumor progression in mice, its presence in host cells, including immune cells, can reduce growth and metastasis of melanoma